Carrie Chapter Thirteen

She had done it; that was enough; she was satisfied. (maybe he'll fall in love with her) She looked up as if someone had spoken from the hallway, a startled smile curving her lips. That would be a fairy-tale ending, all right. The Prince bends over the Sleeping Beauty, touches his lips to hers. Sue, I don't know how to tell you this but The smile faded. Her period was late. Almost a week late. And she had always been as regular as an almanac. The record changer clicked; another record dropped down. In the sudden, brief silence, she heard something within her turn over. Perhaps only her soul. It was nine-fifteen. Billy drove to the far end of the parking lot and pulled into a stall that faced the asphalt ramp leading to the highway. Chris started to get out and he jerked her back. His eyes glowed ferally in the dark. ‘What?' she said with angry nervousness. ‘They use a P.A. system to announce the King and Queen,' he said. Then one of the bands will play the school song. That means they're sitting there in those thrones, on target.' ‘I know all that. Let go of me. You're hurting.' He squeezed her wrist tighter still and felt small bones grind. It gave him a grim pleasure. Still, she didn't cry out She was pretty good. ‘You listen to me. I want you to know what you're getting into. Pull the rope when the song is playing. Pull it hard. There will be a little slack between the pulleys, but not much. When you pull it and feel those buckets go, run. You don't stick around to hear the screams or anything else. This is out of the cute-little-joke league. This is criminal assault, you know? They don't fine you. They put you in jail and throw the key over their shoulder.' It was an enormous speech for him. Her eyes only glared at him, full of defiant anger. ‘Dig it?' ‘Yes.' ‘All right. When the-buckets go, I'm going to run. When I get to the car, I'm going to drive away. If you're there, you can come. If youre not, I'll leave you. If I leave you and you spill your guts, I'll kill you. Do you believe me' ‘Yes. Take your fucking hand off me.' He did. An unwilling shadow-grin touched his face. May. ‘It's going to be good.' They got out of the car. It was almost nine-thirty. Vic Mooney, President of the Senior Class, was calling jovially into the mike.. ‘All right, ladies and gennelmen. Take your seats, please. Ifs time for the voting. We're going to vote for the King and Queen.' ‘This contest insults women!' Myra Crewes called with uneasy good nature. ‘It insults men, too!' George Dawson called back, and there was general laughter. Myra was silent. She had made her token protest. ‘take your seats, please!' Vic was smiling into the mike, and blushing furiously, fingering a pimple on his chin. The huge Venetian boatman behind him looked dreamily over Vic's shoulder. ‘Time to vote.' Carrie and Tommy sat down. Tina Blake and Norma Watson were circulating mimeographed ballots, and when Norma dropped one at their table and breathed ‘Good LUCK!' Carrie picked up the ballot and studied it. Her mouth popped open. ‘Tommy, we're on here!' ‘Yeah, I saw that,' he said. ‘The school votes for single candidates and their dates get sort of shanghaied into it. Welcome aboard. Shall we decline?' She bit her lip and looked at him. ‘Do you want to decline?' ‘Hell, no,' he said cheerfully. ‘If you win, an you do is sit up there for the school song and one dance and wave a sceptre and look like a goddam idiot. They take your picture for the yearbook so everyone can see you look like a goddam idiot.' ‘Who do we vote for?' She looked doubtfully from the ballot to the tiny pencil by her boatful of nuts. ‘They're more your crowd than mine.' A chuckle escaped her. ‘In fact, I don't really have a crowd.' He shrugged. ‘Let's vote for ourselves. To the devil with false modesty.' She laughed out loud, then clapped a hand over her mouth. The sound was almost entirely foreign to her. Before she could think, she circled their names, third from the top. The tiny pencil broke in her hand, and she gasped. A splinter had scratched the pad of one finger, and a small bead of blood welled. ‘You hurt yourself?' ‘No.' She smiled, but suddenly it was difficult to smile. The sight of the blood was distasteful to her. She blotted it away with her napkin. ‘But I broke the pencil and it was a souvenir. Stupid me.' `There's your boat,' he said, and pushed it toward her. ‘Toot, toot.' Her throat closed, and she felt sure she would weep and then be ashamed. She did not, but her eyes glimmered like prisms and she lowered her head so he would not see. The band was playing catchy fill-in music while the Honour Society ushers collected the folded-over ballots. They were taken to the chaperones' table by the door, where Vic and Mr Stephens and the Lublins counted them. Miss Geer surveyed it all with grim gimlet eyes. Carrie felt an unwilling tension worm into her, tightening muscles in her stomach and back. She held Tommy's hand tightly. It was absurd, of course. No one was going to vote for them. The stallion, perhaps, but not when harnessed in tandem with a she-ox. It would be Frank and Jessica or maybe Don Farnham and Helen Shyres. Or – hell! Two piles were growing larger than the others. Mr Stephens finished dividing the slips and all four of them took turns at counting the large piles, which looked about the same. They put their heads together, conferred, and counted once more. Mr Stephens, nodded, thumbed the ballots once more like a man about to deal a hand of poker, and gave them back to Vic. He climbed back on stage and approached the mike. The Billy Bosman Band played a flourish. Vic smiled nervously, harrumphed into the mike, and blinked at the sudden feedback whine. He nearly dropped the ballots to the floor, which was covered with heavy electrical cables, and somebody snickered. ‘We've sort of hit a snag,' Vic said artlessly. ‘Mr Lublin says this is the first time in the history of the Spring Ball-‘ ‘How far does he go back?' someone behind Tommy mumbled. ‘Eighteen hundred?' ‘We've got a tie.' This got a murmer from the crowd. ‘Polka dots or striped?' George Dawson called, and there was some laughter. Vic gave a twitchy smile and almost dropped the ballots again. ‘Sixty-three votes for Frank Grier and Jessica MacLean, and sixty-three votes for Thomas Ross and Carrie White.' This was followed by a moment of silence, and then sudden, swelling applause. Tommy looked across at his date. Her head was lowered, as if in shame, but he had a sudden feeling. (carrie carrie carrie) not unlike the one he had had when he asked her to the prom. His mind felt as if something alien was moving in there, calling Carrie's name over and over again. As if ‘Attention!' Vic was calling. ‘If I could have your attention, please.' The applause quieted. ‘We're going to have a run-off ballot. When the people passing out the slips of paper get to you, please write the couple you favour on it.' He left the mike, looking relieved. The ballots were circulated; they had been hastily torn from leftover prom programmes. The band played unnoticed and people talked excitedly. ‘They weren't applauding for us,' Carrie said, looking up The thing he had felt (or thought he had felt) was gone ‘It couldn't have been for us.' ‘Maybe it was for you.' She looked at him, mute. ‘What's taking it so long?' she hissed at him. ‘I beard them clap. Maybe that was it. If you fucked up-‘ The length of jute cord hung between them limply, untouched since Billy had poked a screwdriver through the vent and lifted it out. ‘Don't worry,' he said calmly. ‘They'll play the school song. They always do.' ‘But-‘ ‘Shut up. You talk too fucking much.' The tip of his cigarette winked peacefully in the dark. She shut. But (oh when this is over you're going to get it buddy maybe you'll go to bed with lover's nuts tonight) her mind ran furiously over his words, storing them. People did not speak to her in such a manner. Her father was a lawyer. It was seven minutes to ten. He was holding the broken pencil in his hand, ready to write, when she touched his wrist lightly, tentatively. ‘Don't . .' ‘What?' ‘Don't vote for us,' she said finally. He raised his eyebrows quizzically. ‘Why not? In for a penny, in for a pound. That's what my mother always says.' (mother) A picture rose in her mind instantly, her mother droning endless prayers to a towering, faceless, columnar God who prowled roadhouse parking lots with a sword of fire in one hand. Terror rose in her blackly, and she had to fight with all her spirit to hold it back. She could not explain her dread, her sense of premonition. She could only smile helplessly and repeat: ‘Don't. Please.' The Honour Society ushers were coming back, collecting folded slips. He hesitated a moment longer, then suddenly scrawled Tommy and Carrie on the ragged slip of paper. ‘For you,' he said. ‘Tonight you go first-class.' She could not reply, for the premonition was on her. her mother's face. The knife slipped from the whetstone, and in an instant it had sliced the cup of her palm below the thumb. She looked at the cut. It bled slowly, thickly, from the open lips of the wound running out of her hand and spotting the worn linoleum of the kitchen floor. Good, then. It was good. The blade had tasted flesh and let blood. She did not bandage it but tipped the flow over the cutting edge, letting the blood dull the blade's edge, then she began to sharpen again, heedless of the droplets which splattered her dress. If thine right eye offend thee, pluck it out If it was a hard scripture, it was also sweet and good. A fitting scripture for those who lurked in the doorway shadows of one-night hotels and in the weeds behind bowling alleys. Pluck it out (oh and the nasty music they play) Pluck it (the girls show their underwear how it sweats how it sweats blood) out The Black Forest cuckoo began to strike ten and (cut her guts out on the floor) if thine right eye offend thee, pluck it out The dress was done and she could not watch the television or take out her books or call Nancy on the phone. There was nothing to do but sit on the sofa facing the blackness of the kitchen window and feel some nameless sort of fear growing in her like an infant coming to dreadful term. With a sigh she began to massage her arms absently. They were cold and prickly. It was twelve after ten and there was no reason, really no reason, to feel that the world was coming to an end. The stacks were higher this time, but they still looked exactly the same. Again, three counts were taken to make sure. Then Vic Mooney went to the mike again. He paused a moment, relishing the blue feel of tension in the air, and then announced simply: `Tommy and Carrie win. By one vote.' Dead silence for a moment, then applause filled the hall again, some of it not without satiric overtones. Carrie drew in a startled, smothered gasp, and Tommy again felt (but for only a second) that weird vertigo in his mind (carrie carrie carrie carrie) that seemed to blank out all thought but the name and image of this strange girl he was with. For a fleeting second he was literally scared shitless. Something fell on the floor with a clink, and at the same instant the candle between them whiffed out. Then Josie and the Moonglows were playing a rock version of Pomp and Circumstance, the ushers appeared at their table (almost magically; all this had been rehearsed meticulously by Miss Geer who, according to rumour, ate slow and clumsy ushers for lunch), a sceptre wrapped in aluminium foil was thrust into Tommy's hand, a robe with a lush dog-fur collar was thrown over Carrie's shoulders, and they were being led down the centre aisle by a boy and a girl in white blazers. The band blared. The audience applauded. Miss Geer looked vindicated. Tommy Ross was grinning bemusedly. They were ushered up the steps to the apron, led across to the thrones, and seated. Still the applause swelled. The sarcasm in it was lost now; it was honest and deep, a little frightening. Carrie was glad to sit down. It was all happening too fast. Her legs were trembling under her and suddenly, even with the comparatively high neck of her gown, her breasts (dirtypillows) felt dreadfully exposed. The sound of the applause in her ears made her feel woozy, almost punch-drunk. Part of her was actually convinced that all this was a dream from which she would wake with mixed feeling of loss and relief. Vic boomed into the mike: ‘The King and Queen of the 1979 Spring Ball – Tommy ROSS and Carrie WHITE' Still applause, swelling and booming and crackling. Tommy Ross in the fading moments of his life now, took Carrie's hand and grinned at her, thinking that Suzie's intuition had been very right. Somehow she grinned back. TOMMY (she was right and i love her well i love this one too this carrie she is beautiful and it's right and i love all of them the light the light in her eyes) and Carrie (can't see them the lights are too bright i can hear them but can't see them the shower remember the shower o momma it's too high i think i want to get down o are they laughing and ready to throw things to point and scream with laughter i can't see them i can't see them it's all too bright) and the beam above them. Both bands, in a sudden and serendipitous coalition of rock and brass, swung into the school song. The audience rose to its feet and began to sing, still applauding. It was ten-o-seven. Billy had just flexed his knees to make the Joints pop. Chris Hargensen stood next to him with increasing aura of nervousness. Her hands played aimlessly along the seams of the jeans she had worn and she was biting the softness of her lower lip, chewing at it, making it a little ragged. ‘You think they'll vote for them?, Billy said softly.

Plant Layout Is Fundamental Health And Social Care Essay

Plant layout is cardinal and attending and consideration from the beginning are needed so as to forestall subsequent jobs. Although there could be different layout, the better 1 is still the one which is inexpensive and systematic. It includes scientific usage of work country, agreement of machines, easily screening out of stuffs or convenient conveyance system. Once the location is selected, the lone thing which can be adjusted is factory layout. Undoubtedly, layout is made for aims. For illustration, one aim is that the supervising of the work is easy and the stores remain clean and orderly. The merchandises with good quality should be produced at inexpensive cost and it should be easy to manage the stuffs which should be transported at a minimal cost in a minimal clip. Furthermore, maximal usage of the infinite country and better productiveness is besides the aims. Besides, congestion points and constrictions should be avoided and material waste should be minimized. All in all, it should be rushing of production and easy and simple care of works. As mentioned, works layout is critical portion of runing a cost effectual and efficient concern. Material storage installations, work country and production lines should be designed to execute to the highest rate and shortest rhythm clip as good. It is necessary to see all the maps within the concern when planing a works layout. The design should include the demands for the present concern degrees and commissariats for future enlargement. And avoiding frequent and dearly-won alterations to the design as demand additions should besides be considered. As a company proprietor, they should execute this survey prior to any works layout design. This will supply a clear apprehension of the present and future demands of the concern and the interaction of each section and will be used to plan the installation for the most efficient and productive work flow possible. As for Toyota illustration, we can non tie in the Toyota production system with the kanban system. Kanban system is one of the methods of control utilized within the Toyota production system. The Toyota production system is alone and alone. The thought behind it and the method of execution have been perfected after long old ages of test and mistake. It is a system of production, based on the doctrine of entire riddance of waste, which seeks the uttermost in reason in the manner we make things. We call this the Toyota system. Merely when the Toyota production system in its entirety is satisfactorily conducted, can at that place be an effectual use of the kanban system. Without altering the method of doing things, it is impossible to prosecute in the kanban system. Here is the chart about the panoramic position of the system. An~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~An ideal status for fabrication is where there is no waste in machines, equipment and forces, and where they can work together to raise the added value to bring forth net income. In order to near this ideal, we have devised a system in which the stuffs needed are obtained just-in-time which is precisely when needed and in the measure needed. On the other manus, for this ideal status to happen in the line operations, including machines and equipment, if there is abnormalcy, everything must be stopped instantly at the discretion of the worker or workers involved. The grounds for the happening of abnormalcy must be investigated from the land up. This is what we call mechanization with a human touch. We believe it is best to fabricate everything in a balanced mode. This load-smoothing production serves as the base for the two pillars of the Toyota-system, viz. the just-in-time and automa tion-with-a-human-touch attacks. In a normal workplace, the more the flow of things varies, the greater the incidence of making waste. The capacity of the workplace is frequently adjusted to the peak work demand and non to its mean value. At Toyota, there was a clip in which this was the normal happening. The industry has multiple types of parts in multiple Numberss. The procedure it must travel through is a really complex 1. The lone feasible solution for most auto industries has been to keep a certain sum of stock list on manus. They have planned in such a manner that every line will hold some work to make every twenty-four hours. However, this attack is a dearly-won one, because it requires keeping a parts stock list three to four times larger than that required when the assembly line has an equalising system of production. The waste created is tremendous. To hold a successful system of equalized production, Toyota must equalise non merely the measures but besides the types. Let ‘s take an illustration, Corona series. Toyota has a production agenda of 1000units a twenty-four hours. All unites are different in their engines, transmittals, external colourss and insides. Toyota scatters them all and does assembly work. They do n't bunch all ruddy Corona together and allow them flux in sequence because they want to equalise the types. If they allow autos with red-colored outsides to be placed on the assembly line to the exclusion of others, ruddy seats and interior parts will flux really to a great extent in the forenoon. In contrast, in the afternoon, there may non be adequate work left for those covering with the ruddy colour. As for the engine, they try to allow the 2000cc and 1800cc engines flow approximately in proportion to the figure used. As for the left guidance wheel autos for export and right maneuvering wheel autos for do mestic usage, the deciding factor in the assembly line is the gross revenues records of that peculiar clip. Or we may do every 3rd auto with a left guidance wheel. There must non be extremums and vales in Toyotas work, even in the minutest parts of the procedure. In so making, they can continue to the equalising system of production for their full procedure. This equalisation of the measures and the types is called burden smoothing under the Toyota system. The load-smoothing system of production is the major premiss for the riddance of waste. The kanban system can win in a topographic point where the concluding procedure is under the load-smoothing system of production. If there is no load-smoothing system of production, the kanban system will neglect. How to allow things flux? For illustration, we assume that five types Corona auto Angstrom to auto Tocopherols are all assembled by lines entirely devoted to each. Therefore as seen in the diagram below, at Line A, unites are moved at a two-minute interval, but at Line E, merely one unit is assembled every 16 proceedingss. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P.54~~~~~~~~~~ When the separate sole lines are merged into one, the flow will take the signifier indicated at the underside of the figure. At Toyota ‘s assembly line, the autos may be the same Corona, but there are many different colourss, two-door and four-door theoretical accounts, left and right guidance wheels, all assorted together and interspersed while traveling through the assembly line. With this assembly line in operation, it becomes possible to hold burden smoothing non merely for the measures but besides for the types. The work done in this manner at the concluding assembly line warrants that equalisation can happen in all preceding procedures. These sole lines could merely every bit good be procedures devoted to parts. When all of these lines are equalized, so every line can hold equal work, and work can besides go equalized. When we engage in the load-smoothing system of production, we can set up standard operations throughout the full procedure, covering all procedures and lines. This is one of the chief ends of load-smoothing production. At Toyota, they manufacture through load-smoothing and figure out the rhythm clip and make standard operations. Then they can advance betterment activities. In a nutshell, the Toyota kanban system removes the signboards proportionate to the measure used, and goes to the predating procedure to retreat precisely the same measure. The predating procedure manufactures the exact measure merely withdrawn. The kanban system is a system that keeps on turning this rhythm. Assuming that the concluding procedure has non been converted to the load-smoothing system of production, but insists on utilizing the kanban to have parts, it is a bolt from the blue. The workplace can non utilize than kanban to order 50 boxes today, none tomorrow and 150 boxes the twenty-four hours after tomorrow. If the predating procedure or provider is treated in this mode, arrant confusion will ensue. Under the kanban system, the subsequent procedure withdraws parts and stuffs from the predating procedure every twenty- four hours, with consistence – in the same mode, at the same interval and in about the same sum. It is merely in this manner that the system can win. In Toyota system, they make the size of a batch in the workplace every bit little as possible. If the clip spent for interchanging dice ( one of the many thin production methods ) which provides a rapid and efficient manner of change overing a fabrication procedure from running the current merchandise to running the following merchandise is greater, the batch is likely to stay larger. When the batch is larger, it is frequently assumed that through it the calcium hydroxide lost though the exchange of dice can be recovered. But this can take to the waste originating from overrun. So, they make an beforehand readying of those casts, gigues and tools that can be assembled in front of clip, and to clean and put in their storage topographic points those casts, gigues and tools that are removed merely after the machine starts traveling once more. They keep seeking to better, those operations that can non be performed without halting the machine. So, the clip needed can be significantly redu ced. In interchanging dice for big equipment, Toyota retains the services of a particular unit organized by specializers in die exchange. Long times ago, it took at least 3 hours to interchange dice in an eight hundred-ton imperativeness. Today it takes merely three proceedingss. Assume that a mill is to treat parts A and B in sequence and they have four machines. They do non treat portion A at all four of these machines foremost, and so when this procedure is over, exchange all the dies in these four machines to get down treating portion B. if we did this, it would merely take excessively much clip. But Toyota chooses alternate method. Regardless of how many machines are connected to each other, a processed portion flows one by one with each rhythm clip. Therefore, they do non let anything to flux after the really last A. alternatively they let the air flow. While the air is fluxing into each of these machines consecutive, they engage in the exchange of dice. In other words, our set up alteration takes topographic point with one rhythm clip. At Toyota, they call this a one-shot exchange of dice. Since they use merely one rhythm clip for the exchange of dice, they merely encounter a loss of one portion piece. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ P.62~~~ In set uping a work combination, Toyota has some constructs in be aftering a layout. Alternatively of holding one conveyer line, Toyota prefers to hold multiple lines that are shorter. Toyota puts the entryway and issue together. When the entryway and issue to a procedure is made the same, one can prosecute in the pattern of â€Å" when one portion is withdrawn, another may come in. † In this manner, parts on manus in each procedure can stay changeless. More significantly, this layout can instill in the heads of workers the importance of the just-in-time construct. A 2nd benefit is that the work country becomes clearly defined. Just as with automatic machines, if a worker is stationed at the entryway and issue of goods, it is possible that no 1 else is needed. By seting the entryway and issue together, a worker ‘s work country becomes clearly defined. In this manner, his work becomes more efficient. Another benefit is that there is no otiose gesture. Where procedures are operated manually, the otiose gesture of traveling to some other topographic point and returning is eliminated. Finally, it becomes possible to hold fewer people consistent with the sum of work. To set the entryway and issue together means, in practical footings, to make a layout with a square bracket form, a U form or a circular form. In this manner, as discussed above, otiose gesture is eliminated and, depending on the sum of work required within these otherwise shaped layouts, workers can be added or reduced. Toyota besides uses a people-centered layout and dressed ores work countries. In Toyota, they do non allow one motor power multiple lines because a motor has extra capacity does non intend that it should be allowed to power both line A and B. Suppose A is burned ; so will B. Or when you want to run merely A, and B is non needed, line B still has to be moved. Under kanban system, the shop may keep many sorts of points, but the measure for each demand non be big. In rule, the shop ‘s layout should be one of wider frontage and narrower deepness. As for the stuff flowing, Toyota chooses to utilize smooth-flowing production system. To do the goods flow swimmingly, to raise productiveness and to allow the workers know that walking was besides portion of their work, around 1960 they began puting machines in a consecutive line, liberating workers from their machine enclosures. This new system had the advantage of allowing workers walk while working and manage a figure of machines. But jobs did originate. At first, we placed the machines in a consecutive line and made each group of these machines an independent production line. When we placed workers, based on the figure of autos to be produced, we frequently had a fraction of a whole individual assigned to each of these lines since we could non delegate a fraction of a individual, that figure was raised to one individual. No affair how of the group of line workers tried, each tended to overproduce because of the extra work force, even though it was little. Their solution was to u nite a figure of â€Å" independent † lines, and allow these lines absorb one full individual. They were able to do forces arrangement based on the alterations in the figure of autos to be produced. They still follow this work combination and now can bring forth merely what is needed. Hospital: Hospitals layout can be a really complex edifice types because infirmary includes a broad scope of functional units and services such as Hospitality maps, diagnostic and intervention maps, and the bed-related map or cardinal inmate attention. The specificity of codifications, ordinances or inadvertence which is regulating hospital operations and building can reflect this diverseness. Specific cognition and expertness are needed because of these wide-ranging and germinating maps of a infirmary but those functional units will vie for the precedences or demands. Ideally, the penchants must be balanced against existent functional demands, mandatary demands, and the fiscal position of the organisation. Apart from the broad scope of services which must be accommodated, infirmaries support and function different users. Ideally, the design procedure is integrated with direct input from cardinal hospital staff and from the proprietor in the procedure. The interior decorator has to be an advocator for the visitants, patients, support staff, providers, and voluntaries besides who do non hold direct input into the design by and large. All in all, a good hospital design combines functional demands and restraints with the human demands of its assorted users. Physical relationships between these maps decide the concept of the infirmary. These relationships between the assorted maps are needed which is shown as in the undermentioned flow figure. Flow diagram of general infirmary relationships. Inpatient gives and receives to/from outpatient, research & A ; instruction, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and disposal. Service gives to disposal, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and research & A ; instruction ; and receives from research & A ; learning. Administration gives and receives to/from inmate, diagnostic & A ; intervention and outpatient ; and receives from service. Diagnostic & A ; intervention spring and receives to/from disposal, outpatient, research & A ; instruction, and inmate ; and receives from service. Research & A ; learning spring and receives to/from diagnostic & A ; intervention, inmate, service ; and receives from outpatient. Outpatient spring and receives to/from inmate, research & A ; preparation, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and disposal. Flow diagram of major clinical relationships. Reception & A ; enrollment receive records and station infirmary attention patients and trade with entree. Admission receives from response & A ; enrollment and services inmate wards and outpatient wards. Records go to reception & A ; enrollment, outpatient, diagnostic & A ; intervention, and inpatient wards. Inpatient wards receive from records and entree and in turn lead to dispatch and pharmaceutics. Inpatient wards ‘ divisions ( medical, surgical, and psychiatric ) link to diagnostic & amp ; intervention ‘s divisions ( research labs, mortuary, surgery, x-ray section, P.M.E.R. ) . Dignostic & A ; intervention receive from records, and its divisions ( research labs, mortuary, surgery, x-ray section, P.M.E.R. ) nexus to inpatient wards ‘ divisions ( medical, surgical, and psychiatric ) and outpatient wards ‘ divisions. Outpatient receives from entree and records and in turn lead to dispatch and pharmaceutics. Outp atient ‘s divisions ( outpatient clinics and exigency ) nexus to diagnostic and intervention ‘s divisions ( research labs, mortuary, surgery, x-ray section, P.M.E.R. ) . Pharmacy receives from outpatient and inmate wards and gives to dispatch from both outpatient and inmate. Inpatient wards ‘ discharges receive from inmate wards and pharmaceutics and gives to post infirmary attention. Outpatient discharges receive from outpatient and pharmaceutics. Post infirmary attention leads back to response & A ; enrollment. These flow figures show the communicating and motion of stuffs, waste, and people. Therefore the transit and logistics systems and physical constellation of a infirmary are intertwined inextricably. The transit systems are affected by the edifice constellation, and this constellation depends on the transit systems to a great extent. The infirmary constellation is affected by site chances and restraints, environing installations, clime, available engineering and budget. Now, new engineering and medical demands generate new options. The one important illustration which must be mentioned is Emergency Department in United Hospital. The Emergency Department ( ED ) has become the ‘Front Door ‘ to the infirmary. But the flow to and through the Emergency Department is fraught with constrictions in many infirmaries, with conflicting and confusing messages environing ED. Hospitals with ill placed double or merely one entrywaies see the inefficient operation of those coming in exigency vehicles and self-arriving patients. Many EDs have hapless first brush systems. For illustration, ill designed intervention zones inhibit efficient operations. Furthermore, there are many layout illustrations which require inordinate walking to pull off the patient record, to acquire patients to an x-ray room, or to take supplies merely. These demands lead to increased length of stay within the section and holds in intervention, which besides lead to set much emphasis in staff likewise and patients. Inefficient patient throughp ut causes dearly-won and blemished patient dissatisfaction and operations. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.asianhhm.com/facilities_operations/emergency_department_streamlining.htmArrivalab initio, the layout of the ED begins to demo separate entrywaies for the two types of traffic and they were side-by-side today. However, if they are in close propinquity, it can still hold opportunity of uncertainness and confusion for the self-arrival patients as to which is the right zone. But now, apart from the ambulatory, the layout is to demo clear tracts for the ambulance. This separation begins at the reaching zone to the campus and continues to each entry. The ambulance entryway is spotted so as to non be in sight from those who come to the ambulatory entry. Direction to ED merely points to the Ambulatory Entrance. The demand for self-arriving patients to make up one's mind which entry would be right is eliminated by this agreement. The Ambulatory Entrance is unmistakably obvious and has a system to cover geting patients from the elements. A supply of wheelchairs should be accessible readily and doorway should hold hands-free operation. There should be staff from the infirmary at this point to help the patient to come in the infirmary which is frequently done by security forces.Electronic wellness recordsIn order to better and streamline patient flow, the use of the electronic wellness record is needed. The record of patient must stay closely to the unit clerk who manages the record, when a ‘paper ‘ chart is used. Because physicians, accessory care-givers and nurses must entree this unique and remarkable set of paperss, there are frequent uses but when the location of the chart is difficult to find, much clip is wasted by looking for it. The electronic record is allowed to take in anyplace within the infirmary, particularly at bedside of a patient. Coincident and multiple entree licenses retrieval an d faster entry of informations from the infirmary and from distant diagnostic services like he lab.NosologiesIf we can acquire diagnostic information in a timely mode, it would hold important impact upon patient flow through the ED. Sending the patient who requires X raies to the Radiology Department has becomes excessively troublous in footings of clip including waiting for a radiotherapist ‘s reading, line uping in the section or conveyance clip. This quest to heighten patient throughput causes puting medical imagination within the ED. A batch of patients seen in the section will find the figure of radiographic devices required, but multiple devices can be expected in ED. As for the instance of decentralised supplies, by agencies of decentalisation of diagnostic tools, the benefit of improved throughput can be generated, particularly if digital radiographic devices are used. Although digital medical imagination is filmless, multiple devices do non necessitate to be clustered for operational efficiency. And turnaround clip for image acquisition will be increased by puting a DR in propinquity to the ‘fast-track ‘ zone greatly. It can besides ensue in quicker diagnosings. A 2nd DR can so be placed to function more critical patients handily. Puting a CT scanner near to trauma bays can salvage clip in covering with dangerous situations.ADischarge procedureAfter medical clearance, the patient and his household are given discharge instructions and are released to go forth the infirmary or are admitted to the infirmary. Several stairss must be taken to topographic point patients in a bed if the patient is admitted. The motion of the patient out of the ED and into the bed will impact the overall patient flow greatly. The admitted patients become ‘boarders ‘ in the ED, if beds ca n't be found or location and assignment of beds is slowed. Then boarded patients will busy infinite that could be used to handle the following entrance patient a nd cut down the figure of beds which is available to make so. The handling of inpatient beds is a really complex issue, but it is cardinal that the infirmary be committed to a policy of timely bed handiness for those who need. Contemporary Emergency DepartmentFirst brush Upon reaching, the ambulatory patients must be recognized and given the clip to province his job. This is done by staff who conducts ‘quick enrollment ‘ which is a basic set of identifiers to register the patients into the infirmary ‘s record system but it takes a few proceedingss. The patient is placed rapidly there when beds are available and the enrollment procedure can be finished at the bedside. Supply System Configuration After the speedy enrollment, the patients are given a first appraisal by a clinician. This triage will judge the degree of the patient ‘s status and let the exigency forces to find the precedence to supply attention. The patient is shown to an ‘internal waiting country ‘ in the intervention zone. The patients can be reprioritized and observed, so it can acquire the right patients into a bed rapidly. In order to better patient flow, a policy for handling patients with lower hazard jobs such as lacerations should be developed. This impression of a ‘fast-track ‘ demands to be incorporated within the context of the entire intervention zone. And all beds should be capable of spliting any sharp-sightedness degrees. The fast path patients can be grouped in one country of the section but non isolated in a discreet unit. Based upon the fluctuation in volumes throughout the twenty-four hours, this will increase flexibleness in delegating patients to suites. However, ambulance patients have different paths into the ED. The status of these patients is communicated to the ED by and large by the ambulance forces who is an exigency medical specialty technician. Their reaching is anticipated and care protocol can be implemented quickly. However, there are state of affairss when multiple reachings occur at the same clip basically. A triage of these incoming patients will go necessary, when this happens. In high-volume ED, for illustration injury centres, be aftering for an ambulance triage station will afford sufficient infinite to work out with this job. At Toyota they assign Industrial Engineer to a steadfastly established direction function to heighten betterment in production activities. They start from the existent phenomenon, look into the cause and happen a solution. No affair how much information is provided through informations, it is hard to see the true image of the workplace through informations. When defects are produced, and they find out merely though informations, they miss the opportunity to take appropriate disciplinary action. Thus they may non be able to detect the true cause of the defects, ensuing in their inability to take effectual countermeasures against return. The topographic point where they can capture true province of the workplace is the workplace itself. They can catch defects on the topographic point in the workplace and happen the true cause. They can instantly take countermeasures. When a job occurs, if the mode of examining into the cause is deficient, steps taken can go blurry. At Toyota, they will foremost understand the cause and so seek to repair it. Although the end may be set high, its execution calls for patterned advance in phases. It moves from work betterment to equipment betterment. When good consequences can be obtained with work betterment, and when such work betterment has non been undertaken sufficiently, there is no justification for puting a immense amount in mechanization machines. The consequence of the debut of mechanization machines may approximately be that of a exhaustively conducted work betterment activity. In such a instance, the money spent for equipment investing is wasted. And Toyota will distinguish between man-hours and figure of workers, and between labour salvaging and people salvaging.

Philosophy of Literacy Essay

One thing I will never forget in my Life is the miles I walked to School. I can still remember those muddy and dusty roads I walked just to get to School. Sometimes I have to Stay all day without food and water not just because I wasn’t hungry or thirsty but because my parents had no money to buy them. I did not only walk to school but I did walk without shoes or slippers on. Walking was very normal because we had no cars. There was absolutely no means of transportation. I was just 4 years old when I started walking to School. I had always admired my teachers and all the people who could read and write. I just loved the way they talked to people. I enjoyed listening to them. School to me was a source of Hope that my life will change and it did changed my life. Without me going to school, I would have still been in Africa or may be dead. I was able to get a scholarship from Africa through my school to the United States and here am I living the dreams of my life. So if I can walk about 6 miles on those muddy and dusty roads just to get to school each day, anyone can go to School if they really want to. Defining literacy in our changing world is not easy. Several years ago, being literate meant being able to read and write a little. Now, being literate means being able to read and write at a level to be successful in today’s world and also being proficient at math, knowing how to use technology, and knowing how to solve problems and make decisions. To me, the power of literacy lies not only in the ability to read and write, but rather in an individual’s capacity to put those skills to work in shaping the course of his or her own life. There are basically three kinds of literacy I know. The first one is called Functional literacy which refers to the ability to read and write well enough to understand basic written information such as Newspaper headlines, Job application forms and Signs. Functional literacy incorporates reading materials that relate directly to community development and to teaching applicable or useful life skills. This to me is the most important of all the kinds of Literacy. The second one is Cultural Literacy. Cultural literacy is the ability to engage with a culture not only as a result of rote learning like the technicalities of the language, customs and so on; but also as a result of a deeper understanding of the idioms and informal content of that culture. Although literature, language and history are useful means of gaining a deeper understanding of a culture, these alone are not sufficient if one wants to attain a state of cultural literacy: it is equally, important to be able to converse using the common-day phrases and cultural references that are used by natives of that culture. One common example of this is the US comedy series â€Å"The Simpsons†. Someone who has no cultural literacy regarding the US would have trouble understanding many of the jokes, while if the show suddenly made lots of jokes about Chinese culture, for example, many in the US audience would be equally perplexed. Another example is that when the US was trying to persuade France to support its cause in the War of Independence in the 18th century, many learned diplomats were sent to Paris, but were unsuccessful. Benjamin Franklin was eventually sent and although he did not know the French language very well, Franklin had an understanding of French culture and he was successful in his mission. The last kind of literacy is Critical Literacy. Critical literacy is not culture specific. It is associated with a broad range of ideas and perspectives rather than with one viewpoint. Critical literacy refers to the ability to recognize the social essence of literacy, understand the fundamentally political nature of literacy and to be able to figure out the agenda of the writer or a text. Literacy is an important indicator of development and status. It provides access to information necessary for growth and decent living. It also provides an account of the socio-economic condition of an individual and his/her family. On the other hand, illiteracy stands for ignorance, defeatism, frustration and lack of aspiration. Literacy and education generate hope, aspiration and ability to move forward. Without you being a functional literate, you won’t be able to know about what is going on around you. Life will be miserable and fustrating. Imagine a driver who doesn’t understand the rules and laws of the road. You will not be able to look for a job for yourself because you don’t even know where to look for it. Literacy in my opinion, involves more than just being able to read a string of letters and understand its meaning. However, a literate person must also be able to recreate those letters from memory and string them along in such a way that meaning is conveyed accurately and efficiently. This ability to write is just as essential to the definition of literacy as the ability to read is. Without it, a person’s freedom is impinged upon; a person is left exposed to realities created by others without having the ability to refute them; much less the ability to create a new one. Again, in my opinion, a person without the ability to write is nothing more than an answering machine – a receiver of messages without the power to create his/her own recorded message. Literacy is very important in our society today. To me those who can read Shakespeare’s books are the same as those who can read a simple website. A literate remains a literate. Imagine living in a country where the President can neither read nor write. I here by mean that, if you are not literate, you are indirectly punished because you can’t occupy important positions of responsibility. No one would trust your judgment. It is better to be the kind of person everyone likes to listen to when you talk, rather than to be the kind of person who has nothing to say and even if you have something to say, no one will like to listen to you. I’m convinced it is time everyone starts to go to school to be able read and write. You can change your life and live the dreams of your life. If I could walk 6 miles each day to School, you can do it.

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis perceived in the USA and Cuba Essay

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis perceived in the USA and Cuba - Essay Example The U.S. and Cuban governments were each compelled to action by the fear of each other. Both countries posed a threat, real and implied, to the other. Nuclear bomb paranoia swept the post World War II world. In no place or time was this fear more apparent than during the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the 1962 crisis, Fidel Castro, Nikita Khrushchev and John Kennedy jockeyed for the upper hand, each employing bold moves that brought the world to the brink of possible annihilation. Prior to the Cuban Revolution in the mid to late 1950’s, the tropical island of Cuba was a favored tourist attraction of U.S. citizens. The United States government held substantial control in Cuba’s economic and political dealings. However, Castro, a leading political figure in Cuba, refused to be controlled by the United States. The United States government suspected that when Castro assumed power on January 1, 1959, his communist government would pose a close threat to America. Castro further raised concerns when he seized property belonging to prosperous Cuban Nationals and foreigners in an attempt to improve conditions for working-class Cubans. Many of these properties belonged to businesses owned by U.S. companies and individuals. U.S. suspicions and concerns were heightened in December, 1960 when Castro officially and openly aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union. Less than one month later, in early January, 1961, the U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Castro and imposed a trade embargo on Cuba that remains in effect to this day. The embargo stopped the flow of oil to Cuba and the sale of its major cash crop, sugar, from Cuba.

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example What do you learn about the reasons for entrepreneurial success? (60 Marks) To be able to it in a better manner let us define first what is entrepreneurship? After that we will know who is an entrepreneur? Having known, what are personalities of an entrepreneur? Only after understanding may we are in a better position to answer the question: â€Å"What makes Matsushita: The worlds Greatest Entrepreneur?† Wikipedia (2006) defines entrepreneurship as â€Å"the practice of starting new organizations, particularly new businesses generally in response to identified opportunities.† Further it said: â€Å"Entrepreneurship is often a difficult undertaking, as a majority of new businesses fail. Entrepreneurial activities are substantially different depending on the type of organization that is being started. Entrepreneurship may involve creating many job opportunities.† From the definition, we can now easily know the work of an entrepreneur and the necessary characteristics that he must have in order to undertake entrepreneurship. Since entrepreneurship entails succeeding and failing, the element of risk taking becomes as important characteristic of an entrepreneur. To understand more the work of an entrepreneur Wikipedia (2006) quoted several authors either defining or describing the work or characteristics of an entrepreneur as follows: According to Cole (1959), there are four types of entrepreneur: the innovator, the calculating inventor, the over-optimistic promoter, and the organization builder. These types are not related to the personality but to the type of opportunity the entrepreneur faces. There is basis to agree that Matsushita is an entrepreneur from the characteristics learned earlier. Since theory does not mention about entrepreneur being highly educated, there is reason to believe it may be one of them. Matsushita appears to not to be highly educated. He is a visionary (Nanus, 1992) leader and a

Health and Safety Legislation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Health and Safety Legislation - Research Paper Example Regardless of the number of employees, all industrial operations have to be monitored by appropriate strategies and procedures. Nature of work is a significant factor that determines the range of health and safety measures required in the industry. Whenever high-risk factors are identified, an employer has to seek the advice and permit of the responsible manager regarding the required precautions. This permit to work practice is mandatory when an employee gets into an unusual and risky job. Besides permit to work, there are some more obligatory safety measures such as isolation, monitoring equipment and protective clothing and equipment that may control or prevent risks in the workplace. According to Hughese & Ferrett (2005 p.82), the permit to work procedure is a specialized type of safe system of work for ensuring that potentially very dangerous work is done safely. In fact, this is written consent from a responsible person which ensures that adequate precautions have been taken to avoid or control risk. The authorized individual usually considers certain factors before issuing a permit like the nature of work, equipment involved in the work, the ability of the authorized worker, and if he needs training, possible hazards and the steps taken to overtake them (Hughese & Ferrett p.83). Most of the industrial accidents are the result of negligence and paucity of awareness about the risk factors and safety measures. Industrial operations require a permit when there is a chance of any of the following or similar risks; mechanical or natural toxic, electric shock, fall from a height, radiation, suffocation, chemical exposure, explosion, inflammable substances etc. Howeve r, according to the Guidelines on Permit to Work Systems (Jan.1993), simply a permit does not reduce risk; instead, it is an essential part of a system which determines how that work can be carried out safely.

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business law - Assignment Example In this context, what LaMance points out is relevant. According to him, a hotel has to take a set of legal measures to avoid liability. If the hotel management fails to take adequate measures to ensure the safety of its guests, then the hotel management would be held liable for its negligent acts. First, the hotel management should be able to anticipate possible safety threats within the hotel environment. If the hotel is really aware of the degree of intensity of criminal acts, it can take adequate safety measures to address those issues. As LakMance proposes, the hotel management can install surveillance cameras or hire more security guards to ensure the safety of guests and their valuables. In addition to anticipating risk factors, the hotel should communicate proper warning to guests to make them aware of the safety threats identified. Finally, hotels have also the responsibility to maintain their properties properly. To illustrate, easy access windows and faulty door locks may s ometimes assist criminals to break into rooms. Hence, the hotel management has to make certain that its properties are managed properly. In the Freda case, there is a possibility to argue that the Gullies Hotel management did not take adequate measures to ensure the safety of the guest’s valuable even though the management has been aware of the theft issues within the hotel environment. However, it must be noted that the Gullies’ management had arranged special facilities at the reception for keeping the valuables of their clients. Despite theft warning and special security facilities, Freda left the hotel leaving cash and expensive jewelries in her room and this negligence resulted in the theft of her valuables. Question 2 The doctrine of precedent is one of the fundamental and oldest features of the English legal system. In addition, it is considered to be the heart of the common law system. â€Å"The doctrine of precedent states that a decision made by a court in o ne case is binding on other courts in later cases involving similar facts† (as qtd in Harris199). The most potential benefit of the doctrine of precedent is that it promotes uniformity within the law. More precisely, it meets the general conception of justice by treating similar cases in the similar manner. The basic concepts of the doctrine of precedent have been well stated and are easy to understand. According to this doctrine, as Harris points out, all courts must adhere to the previous decisions made by superior courts in similar cases. The second rule of the doctrine of precedent sates that current decisions made by courts will be applied to all future cases which have similar facts (199-200). However, law experts argue that this feature may lead to interpretation difficulties for the courts. As discussed already, adherence to precedent is helpful to maintain a system of stable laws, which in turn promotes the predictability of laws and provides individuals with a greate r degree of security. As legal advisors point out, the doctrine of precedent is essential to make certain that laws develop in accordance with changing views of the society only and hence laws clearly reflect morals and expectations of the society as well. Since the doctrine of

A Change in My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Change in My Life - Essay Example Because of my hard work and the effort that I put in my educational endeavors, I got very good grades in my final primary school exams and qualified to enter high school. I was so happy with my achievement that I was determined to ensure that my performance would always remain high in my new educational level. With this in mind, and considering the great promise that I had in academics, I was admitted into high school. High school turned out to be quite different from primary school and this was mainly because there were more freedoms and new people who I had to study with. Most of my old friends from primary school went on to a different school and at first; life in the new environment was quite lonely. However, after a few weeks, I was befriended by some of the most popular students in the school and this, I felt, was a great privilege. In primary school, I had never really been popular, with the little popularity that I had having been based on my academic performance. Whereas other students had concentrated on fun and what I thought were good things in life, I had concentrated on my studies and that was the reason why I was among the best. However, in high school, all this changed because, for the first time in my life, I was among the popular kids. Most of the other students looked up to me and it felt wonderful and in my mind, nothing could be better. From that time, I put my academics in the background and I instead concentrated on spending time with my new friends and having fun because that is what I thought high school was all about. As a result of my new lifestyle, my academics began to take a beating but while this was happening, my new friends convinced me that because I was a clever guy, I could always catch up whenever I wanted.  Ã‚  

Sega Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Sega Corporation - Essay Example Learning organizations are those who look to the future; organizations which are constantly in touch with their market and one step ahead of their competition. Sega Corporation, unfortunately, is not a learning organization and, as such, has adhered to strategies which may have been successful in the past but which are no longer so. As Sega’s OD advisor, I have prepared a report which outlines the roots of its failures and argues the efficacy of its adopting a learning organizational model. The literature reviewed underscores the benefits of doing so and precisely articulates what is involved in doing so. Should Sega implement these recommendations, its business performance, as measured through both financial and non-financial indicators will experience discernible improvement. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Sega Corporation has decided to transform the company into a learning organization, believing that in so doing, Sega will eventually be in a position to confront its competitors and regain the market shares it lost throughout the past decades. Indeed, Sega’s persistent failure to accurately gauge and effectively respond to changing trends in the electronic home gaming market has resulted in the almost complete loss market shares, not to mention yearly net losses on sales from the mid-1990s to the present.Sega’s inability to confront its competitors or to reclaim its lost market shares reflects a problem within the organization itself

American Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Media - Essay Example It is a sincere and honest self-examination of the foreign and domestic policies of America. Amidst the widespread patriotic hysteria and solidarity reawakening post the September 11th, the author braves to tackle the Sovietization of American politics and media, which seek to slander dissent or disagreement of any kind. He brings the present administration under scrutiny as well as exposing the hypocrisy of the so-called "liberal" American press. In his book, the foreigners have complained about the American's domination of a world which is poorly understood by them and who "sanctimoniously boast of democratic virtues while ignoring our complicity in the crimes of authoritarian regimes, and destroy other countries' deep-rooted cultural traditions by exporting our crass culture of self-indulgence and haste."(Bryce Christenson, American Library Association) While feelings of American patriotism and nationalism is at an all time high,Hertgaard brings the reader to the task of self-examining the truth behind those very sentiments. But his weakness lies in the manner he address es his readers in a tone which is a bit too superior even while elaborating the perceptions of the rest of the world. "Americans ne America's foreign policy has been put up for questioning in his book where he writes: "Americans need to have an honest discussion about our conduct overseas: Where it is wise Where it is not How often does it correspond to the values of democracy and freedom that we regularly invoke, and how important it is whether we practice what we preach If Americans want a healthy relationship with the six billion people we share the planet with, we need to understand who those people are, how they live, what they think and why. This is not charity, it is self-interest. America may be protected by two oceans and the mightiest military in history, but we know we are not untouchable." This statement has been taken further by Parag Khanna in his favor of open democracy where he states that America's independence can no longer depend on its security even if it's flanked by two oceans and neither can it count on its prosperity despite the country's production. The answers they were seeking were found in Washington in early October 2003, where a major program of public dialogue was launched by sixteen organizations, representing ideologies across the political spectrums. "The People Speak: America Debates Its Role in the World" is the name of this initiative which hosted numerous discussions on American foreign policies amongst communities across the nations. The four resolutions up for discussion which were: whether the US should use Pre-emptive military force to stop the spread of weapons of mass destruction; what conditions should exist before the US takes part in military intervention overseas; whether America should focus more on non- military issues like the environment, poverty and health; whether America should demonstrate a stronger commitment to internationalinstitutions and international law It was also found that in the Islamic world, the image of America had drastically fallen over the past couple of years with only 15% of respondents giving favorable opinions on the United States, right from Turkey to Indonesia, which had

Corporate Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Governance - Case Study Example Long term capital structures have been indicated to more advantages to the firm over short-term capital structure decisions (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson 97). Matters of equity and debt can also be well analyzed through the capital structure. Evidently, the capital structure would help prove useful in sustaining the interests of managerial agents and the firm owners. U.S.-based firms could integrate elements of the corporate governance practices to make better decisions by coming up with policies that will help their firms gain public trust. Additionally, US firms can improve the ethics of the firm, corporate governance and social responsibility (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson 317-23). In the event that the mangers are compelled to comply with the set regulations, then the level of ethics will be adhered to across the board. Having a strict code of conduct will allow for compliance of set standards and regulations. This means that all the decisions made will be done

Philosophy Sections 7.1 & 7.2 Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Sections 7.1 7.2 Essay 1. What are the requirements for knowledge? 4.What is Plato’s allegory of the cave supposed to demonstrate? Plato’s allegory of the cave is supposed to demonstrate not only the human situation in general but Socrates’ life in particular. Socrates glimpsed the true nature of reality and tried to convince the inhabitants of Athens that they didn’t know what they thought they knew. The objects that cast shadows on the wall represent what Plato considers to be the truly real objects: the forms. 5.What is Descartes’ dream argument? Descartes’ dream argument is as followed: 1) We can’t be certain that we’re not dreaming. 2) If we can’t be certain that we’re not dreaming, we can’t be certain that what we sense is real. 3) If we can’t be certain that what we sense is real, we can’t acquire knowledge through sense experience. 4) Therefore, we can’t acquire knowledge through sense experience. According to Descartes, you can’t rule out the possibility that you’re dreaming so you’re senses can’t give you knowledge of the external world. 8. Why do empiricists believe that there are no synthetic a priori truths? Empiricists believe that there are no synthetic a priori truths because they believe that sense experience is our only source of knowledge of the external world. 9.How does Kant explain the possibility of synthetic a priori truths? Kant explained the possibility of synthetic a priori truths by examining the method of inquiry used by mathematicians. Kant found that what makes it possible for mathematicians to discover such truths is that they study the principles the mind uses to construct mathematical objects. Section 7.2 (3 and 4) 3. What is representative realism? Representative realism is the doctrine that sensations are caused by external objects and that our sensations represent these objects. 4. What is the distinction between primary and secondary qualities? The distinction between primary and secondary qualities is that while secondary qualities exist in the mind not in the actual object, primary qualities are possessed by material objects.

Actin Expression in Hela Cells by APAAP Immunocytochemistry

Actin Expression in Hela Cells by APAAP Immunocytochemistry Kunthavai Jeevananthan Isolation of mononuclear cells, cell counts, cell staining and immunochemistry Aims: to test the morphology of sheep’s blood smear and to calculate the number of viable cells and the percentage viability of live and dead mononuclear cells. To investigate and analyse actin expression in Hela cells by APAAP immunocytochemistry. There are three main components of blood these include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets). Leukocytes are produced and store in a number of locations called lymphoid organs inside the body such as the spleen, thymus and the bone marrow through a process known as haematopoiesis. They are part of the bodies primary defence mechanism against infections caused by disease causing microorganisms entering the body. Leukocytes are constantly produced and released into the bloodstream where they circulate the body travelling from organs to lymph nodes where they are stored via the lymph and blood vessels. There are three different types of leukocytes known as granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes (Kara, 2011). The granulocytes include eosinophils and basophils which are involved in immune responses and also neutrophils ingest and kill any foreign body that enter the body such as bacteria and fungi. Lymphocytes help to protect against viral infections whereas others develop into antibodies against foreign invasions. Blood smears and differential staining techniques such as the Giemsa and Grunwald staining can be conducted to analyse the morphology of blood cells to help diagnose blood disorders. Mononuclear cells also known as agranulocytes are white blood cells containing one lobed nucleus. These include monocytes and immunocytes such as B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Normal blood values vary from around 50, 00 to 10, 000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre. High values of leukocytes are known as leucocytosis and it is most commonly due to inflammations as a result of an immune response or blood diseases such as leukaemia (Marshall, 2008). Low values of leukocytes are known as leukopenia this occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient RBC like for example neutrophils which leads to neutropenia, this can make the body more prone to diseases and infections therefore mononuclear cell counts are widely used in immunology, haematological malignancy, oncology and vaccine development to monitor immunological functions and to identify and diagnose blood related conditions. This can be achieved by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique; a density gradient method that separates lymphocytes from other formed elements in blood which can be removed and stained with trypan blue in order to be viewed on a haemocytometer under the microscope. Live cells have an intact cell membrane that is impermeable to certain dyes such as trypan whereas dead cells do not therefore viable cells with a clear cytoplasm and nonviable cells with a blue cytoplasm can be identified and calculated (Harlad and Heinz et al, 2004). Immunocytochemistry is the identification of a tissue by specific antigen-antibody interaction where the antibodies are marked with a visible label for examination under the microscope which was first described by Albert H. Coons in 1941. This technique was further developed in different ways by using different indicator molecules such as fluorescein molecules, biotin and enzymes i.e. peroxidase. APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase) is an alkaline phosphatase method first described by Cordell et al in 1984 (John, 2008). Antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins (Igs) which are further categorised in to different isotypes. The IgG isotype is most commonly used in immunocytochemistry as its biding is more consistent. Actin is a highly conserved and abundant cytoskeletal protein which exists in six different known isofroms in mammals therefore it can be used to detect cancer cells like Hela cells, a continuously cultured strain isolated from human cervical cance r cells, as they are rapidly multiplying and are rich in Actin. Beta and gamma actin are known as cytoplasmic actin as they are expressed in non-muscle cells. Mouse anti-actin antibody is used in this technique as they are a form of highly conserved globular proteins which are found in cell mortality, structure and integrity of all eukaryotic cells hence are often found around the nucleus in the cytoplasm (Richard, 2010). Results Figure 1 Figure 1.1 Red blood cell Platelets Figure 2Figure 2.1 Figure 3: Hela cells only Figure 4: No Primary control Figure 5: Isotype control Figure 6: Actin Discussion The Giemsa and Grunwald staining of the sheep’s blood smear show the all the red blood cells are approximately the same shape and size however the number of red blood cells present appears to be fairly lower than expected. There are a number of reasons as to why this could have occurred such as lack of iron lead to failure of haemoglobin production therefore the number of red blood cells lost cannot be replaced efficiently. Other causes that may result in decreased numbers of erythrocytes may be due to bone marrow damage or disorders, internal or external bleeding and kidney failure. The red blood cells were all however the same shape and size which shows that there is no cause of concern for diseases related to abnormal shapes of RBCs such as sickle cell anaemia. Although the cells appear spherical in figure 1 this may be due to the low magnification and resolution therefore in order to confirm spherocytosis further analysis in higher resolution and tests need to be carried o ut. The light pink staining in the centre of the RBC shows that the area is less dense indicating the absence of a nucleus and the biconcave structure. The mononuclear cell count shown in figure 2 does not show any live mononuclear cells. There are a number of reasons as to why this may have occurred like for example when pipetting the separated white blood cells layer on top of the ficoll layer may have been taken from the wrong layer of cells. Another point to taken into consideration is that when removing the supernatant the live cells may have also been accidentally removed with it. As sheep’s blood cells were used instead of human blood the layering in ficoll is likely to be slightly different therefore in order to obtain a better sample of live and dead mononuclear cells the white blood cells should be removed closer to the bottom of the tube just above the red blood cell pallet at the bottom. In figure 2 there were no dead cells present in the centre square therefore the percentage viability cannot be calculated by dividing the number of live cells by the number of dead cells. The red blood cell count varies from perso n to person as factors such as the altitude and gender. The normal value of male blood count is 4.5 to 6.0 x106 and in females it is 4.0 and 4.5 x 106 therefore when comparing the sheep’s RBC count of 9.3 x 106 calculated from figure 2 is high. A high number of red cell counts may be due to lung diseases, kidney tumours and polycythaemia vera (PVC). The APAAP immunocytochemistry method conducted shows that the Hela cells are a single lineage as all cells in figure 6 were stained brown when incubated with primary anti-actin antibody and secondary polyclonal Goat anti-mouse antibody which are complimentary to each other hence they will only bind to the same cell lineage with the specific antigen. Figure 5 shows a positive isotype control of hela cells incubated with purified mouse monoclonal. This confirms that the actin antibody specific background staining shown in figure 5 were not due to non-specific interactions of antibody molecules with the HeLa cell sample. Figure 4 also shows that hela cells without the secondary antibody alone without the primary antibody convey no significant background staining caused by DAB hence also supporting the fact the background staining is highly antigen specific (Stross and Jones et al, 1989). This method can be used to analyse the cellular contents, localisation and the distribution of cells in their surroundings and their relationship with other cells in peripheral blood smears, swabs, cell cultures, histological biopsy and bone marrow aspirates hereby giving definitive diagnosis to tumour and cancer diagnosis. An alternative immunocytochemistry method is Avidin-Biotin complex (ABC). Similarly like the APAAP method it involves the application of a primary antibody, secondary antibody however APAAP complex is replaced with Avidin-Biotin peroxidase complex (Buchwalow and Bocker, 2010). Reference Buchwalow, I. B, Bocker. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: Basics and method: Immunostaning enchantment. 48-52. Germany. Springer-Verlag. Harald, T., Heinz, D., Trosten, H. (2004). Colour Atlas of haematology: practical microscopic and clinical diagnosis. 63-66. German. Georg Thieme Verlag. John, B. D. (2008). Theory and practice of histological techniques: 433-438. United States of America. Elsevier Limited. Kara, R. (2011). Blood: Physiology and circulation. 16-22. New York. Britannia educational publishing. Marshall, C. C. (2008). Diseases and Disorders: Blood diseases. 103-106. Malaysia. Library congress Catalkukuoging-in-publication-data. Richard, B. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: A practical guide to biomedical research. 1-10. United States of America. Springer science and business media. Stross, P. W., Jones, M., Manson, D. Y. (1989). Automation of APAAP immunocytochemical techniques J. clin Pathol. 42(1), 106-112.

Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination

Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination Social categorization is very serious in TSW because the population structure in TSW is special. Excluding the rich ones from Hong Kong (HK) local living in Kingswood Villas and Home Ownership Scheme, most residents living in public hosing estates in TSW are new immigrants from mainland China and come from southern Asian countries like India and Pakistan. People divide the community into distinct categories on almost any basis and result in different perceptions of Us (named as in-group) versus Them (named as out-group).  [1]  Usually, Cantonese born, grow and live in local HK for a very long period of time are classified as in-group and treat other non-HK local born people as out-groups because cultural differences is the main reason for the formation of in-group and out-group. One of the cultural differences is language. Cantonese born and live in HK for a very long time can speak Cantonese (Guangzhou language) fluently and read Chinese as in-group. For out-group, new immigrants from mainland China, they may speak Guangzhou language in their homeland dialect or speak directly in their homeland dialect or even speak in Mandarin only. Another out-group is southern Asian (also named as minority ethnic group in HK). Although some of them can speak English and Cantonese, their main spoken language is Indian or Pakistan and most of them cant write and read in Chinese. Another cultural differences is custom. Even in the out-group, they also categorize in Chinese group (in) and non-Chinese group (out). For example, in Chinese taboo, Chinese dont speak death in Chinese lunar new year but people in southern Asian countries do not know or have this taboo. In other words, people in southern Asian countries do not mind to say dead during Chinese lunar new year or makin g Chinese friends. On the other hand, Pakistans like embrace during visiting their friends and relatives but Chinese do not have too many body intimate contact. Moreover, the negative perception and behaviour of new immigrants from mainland China and minority ethnic group also cause HK local people to discriminate these two out-groups. For example, Chinese new immigrants do not have queuing habit when waiting some services and like to spit everywhere so that HK local people think them rude and unhygienic. People from southern Asian countries have blacker skins than Chinese yellow skins and the male of southern Asian countries have more body hair than male of Chinese so that HK local people feel them dirty and spread bad smell. Some HK local people prefer to choose another seats to separate when one Pakistan sits next to HK local people in a bus or a train. The feelings and beliefs are sharply contrasting between the members of in-group and out-group. In in-group, members feel favourable and positive traits but feel negative views to out-group.  [2]  Most residents living in public hosing estates in TSW are new immigrants from mainland China and come from southern Asian countries (out-group) and their social status are low because their education level are low or even have no education. They cant find any jobs in HK. Even though they are fortunate to be employed, they can only find low salary jobs like cleaning workers and coolies. Some of members of out-group receive Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) from Social Welfare Department. HK local people (in-group) think that people who receive CSSA are lazy and unwilling to find a job to do. This sentence becomes prejudice and gives negative label to CSSA receiver because CSSA resource is very limited and it should not be abused. At the end of 2004, a couple living in TSW c heated CSSA to travel to Thailand and came across great tsunami. Although the wife was saved luckily, HK local people did not pay any sympathy to her and discriminated CSSA receiver. At the same time, HK local people (in-group) has positive view that they would earn their living (self-sufficient) hardly more than applying CSSA. As more and more poor families live in public housing estates in TSW, the limited resources of CSSA are taken away quickly and drastically by out-group and make heavy tax burden of in-group. The realistic conflict theory can explain why competing for limited CSSA resources between in-group and out-group as a source of prejudice.  [3]   Furthermore, the social identity theory suggested that individuals seek to feel positively about the groups to which they belong, and part of their self-esteem depends on identifying with social groups. It is because people who are identified with their group are most likely to express favouritism toward their own group and a corresponding bias against out-groups, valuing our own group has predictable consequences for prejudice.  [4]  HK local people feel proud and having pride of the positive core values like hard working and high degree of freedom that they like to live in HK and recognize their HK local identity. They form their own social networks. The influx of members from out-group to TSW would destroy positive impression of local HK people. Methods to Reduce Prejudice Eliminate Discrimination Re-categorization in TSW is one of the method to reduce prejudice by shifting the boundary between HK local people and new immigrants from mainland China. It was a fact that a huge number of Chinese refugees came to HK from China mainland after the end of World War II. Why this generation of HK locally born people forget their parents and grandparents whom were immigrants from mainland China before and live in HK for many decades ? However, there was no prejudice and discrimination of Chinese immigrants within Chinese living in HK from 1945 to 1980 but adding many barriers to new immigrants from mainland China in recent years. All living Chinese in TSW and even in whole of HK should be treated equal. Another way to reduce prejudice is contact hypothesis. Mr. Shafi, the chairman of Mutual Aid Committee of one public housing estate in TSW, comes from Pakistan and he has Chinese name called Tak Brother. He was born in HK and speaks Chinese, English and Pakistan language fluently. He likes to visit the neighbour including other Pakistans, new Chinese immigrants and HK local people. When they have troubles, he likes to help them voluntarily.  [5]   Moreover, social learning is also important to reduce prejudice because holding prejudice attitude would have less enjoyable life. HK local people can appreciate the positive value of new Chinese immigrants and minority ethnic group like saving of materials. We can say no to prejudice and discrimination when some HK local people scold to new Chinese immigrants and minority ethnic group as a rubbish! Social education against prejudice is very useful. Mr. Shafi is holding a social inclusion programme in TSW that Indian or Pakistan can learn Chinese culture. On the contrary, HK local people and new Chinese immigrants can learn how to make Indian curry and cuisine. Cultural exchange can shorten the distance between in-group and out-group.  [6]   On the other hand, the mass media should take social responsibility that not to report the negative news happened in TSW and dont use the term city of sadness anymore. More positive news about TSW should be reported like the Asian Game Exhibition of 2008 would employ hundreds of temporary staffs who live in TSW at the first priority.  [7]   For eliminating discrimination, the government is now formulating the law against racial discrimination in HK. Some racial discrimination minds and behaviour like saying à ©Ã‹Å" ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ® to Indian or Pakistan should be banned. Conclusion Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination are the obstacles between the relation of different social groups. The barriers are easily built but hardly to demolish because different social groups need a long period of time to understand the other groups. On the other hand, prejudice is not inevitable by increasing communication channels between different social groups.

Prostitution and Functionalism Essay -- Functionalist Theory Prostitut

Prostitution and Functionalism Works Cited Not Included Throughout America and the entire world, prostitution flourishes. Prostitution is another never ending war like abortion, which society feels is immoral. This immorality leads functionalists, who apply functionalism to this social problem, on a chase to figure out why prostitution is what it is today. Functionalism is the best theory for looking at prostitution. It allows us to see how prostitution changes along with other aspects of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some ask why prostitution spreads like a wildfire through our cities and streets. This is an easy question for functionalists, prostitution flourishes because it satisfies sexual needs that are not able to be met elsewhere(Henslin 51). Prostitutes almost seem to serve as an outlet for sexually frustrated men. When a man is unable to find a partner he always holds the option of paying for sexual pleasure. A functionalist, Kingsley Davis, concluded that prostitutes provide a sexual outlet for men who: have difficulty in establishing sexual relationships, cannot find long-term partners, have a broken relationship, want sexual gratification that is defined as immoral, desire quick sexual gratification without attachment, are curious, and are sexually dissatisfied in marriage. From this it is shown that by meeting such needs prostitution functions as a form of social control over sexual behavior. This is beneficial because it brings men with sexual desires away from un wi...

gatcolor Great Gatsby Essays: Importance of Color :: Great Gatsby Essays

Importance of Color in The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In literature, colors are often purposefully chosen for different characters to represent the character’s personalities. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the colors green, yellow/gold, and gray are used to represent the attributes of the colored person or place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apparently, green is the most prominently used color in the novel. The reason for this may be that green is the color used to describe the main character of the novel, Jay Gatsby. One of the possible meanings of green in this story is envy. Gatsby can be seen as an envious man for a few reasons. For one, he is extremely envious of Tom Buchanan because of the fact that he has the one thing he can’t buy, Daisy. Also, Gatsby is extremely envious of the people that he invites to his house. He knows that he is not old money like the people he invites to his parties. This makes him a man of who, is â€Å"Green with envy.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In like manner, green is also used to symbolize money. In the story, money controls the life of the people in the story. Gatsby feels that he needs green money to live and to impress Daisy. Symbols of Gatsby’s money included his large green lawn and the green ivy growing up his house. Also, in his car, it depicts the passengers sitting â€Å"in a sort of green leather conservatory.† All of these symbols depict Gatsby’s money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast to green, yellow and gold are used to be an example of old money, unlike green that is used to depict the new money of gold. Tom could be seen as a gold person for he has old money. As green and gold contrast, so do Gatsby and Tom. A quotation of new money gold is â€Å"†¦ Jordan’s slender golden arm resting on mine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gatsby desperately buys â€Å"†¦.. a yellow car,† in which he will attempt to be of old money, even though everyone knows that Gatsby is not of old money. Gold and green are as much a contrast of new and old, but they do have a distant connection just as a new and an old car have the same connection. They may look different, but deep down, the two can be seen as the same item.   Fitzgerald describes the Valley of Ashes as

“Examine the View That the Family Is Universal”

George Murdock examined the institution of the family in a wide range of society. Murdock took a sample of 250 societies of different cultures and discovered that there was some form of the nuclear family which existed in every society. Murdock then concluded that the family is universal and provides four function. Sexual(stable relationship for adults), reproduction(continuing to create more society members), economic (pools resources to provide for each other), socialisation (teaches norms and values of society).Kathleen Gough disagreed with Murdock statement that the family is universal since she investigated a society in India called the Nayar who were an exception to the family. For example sandbanham relationships were not lifelong unions, either party could terminate the relationship at any time, sunbanham husbands had no duty towards the offspring’s of their wives, husband and wives did not form an economic unit. Husbands were not expected to maintain their wives. This society was a matrilineal society. in terms of Murdock definition of the family, no family existed in the nayar society since those who maintained a sexually approved relationship did not live together and cooperate economically.Another type of family known as the martifocal familles are considered an expection to murdocks defintion of the family as some children are raised in a household that do not contain men and are headed by females. For example a significant proprtion of black familles in the island of the west indies(Guyana).female headed familles are oftern known as the matriarchal family.Another type of family which may go against murdock definition of the family is gay and lesbian families.murodck claimed the household will contain â€Å"two of both sexes† however lesbian and gay household contain a union from the same gender.In conclusion although the nuclear family, the ideal type of family from the new rights perspective is found in every society. Not all househ old consist of this particular family. Therefore the nuclear family in my opinion is not unversal since it is not found in every household.

Discipline in Schools Essay

A absolute majority of us have families with children various ages, and the agnomen of this bind caught my eye for the simple item I have teenage kids in school that have previously been designate in-school suspension for minor disciplinary acts such as being tardy or turning in incomplete assignments. working adults and parents are the primary targets of this particular article which sparks my personal interest towards this issue. I tangle the author of this article gave a passably neutral observation of this topic, giving twain sides of the story in a calm yet quite asseverateative tone.He listed infractions that resulted in suspensions as well as different types of suspension outcomes. Its outstanding to note that suspending a student for being disruptive in class and suspending a student for fighting should be handled differently however both instances should require the students to conduct working on their computer programme. With references from other educators as well as reports from the US subdivision of Education I would have to utter that the contents of this article appear to be creditable.Results from out of school suspensions prove to be doing more harm than good, leaving students at home unsupervised with a distich days off with no curriculum to work on verses the alternative of requiring students to pursue on the weekends seems to be a break dance solution, however funding for weekend programs is a separate issue. The authors intend of this article is to inform and acknowledge new alternatives need to be explored when it comes to disciplinary actions such as suspensions. superfluous resources will have to be implemented, faculty member and financial. Overall I thought this to be a particularly interesting and illuminating article.

The main aim of hazard management should be to reduce the effects of hazards, not manage their cause

fortune guidance in the long run aims to prune the danger that a accident tin put up to humans. This nates be do done the four steps of modifying the originator, event, vulner top executive and loss. I believe that the ca substance abuse of many immanent incidents, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as geophysical and meteorologic backs dealnot keeped, thus the centering of the get of a prospect is irrelevant in the foc victimisation of many gages. As such, it should be the suit of clothes that the main aim of calamity direction should be to reduce the personnels of games quite a than manage their cause.The issue of reducing the effect of hazards would be discussed in the four split of the hazard management framework. I acquiesce with the statement to a oversize finale that hazard management should not be centered on managing the cause. The few slip delegacy in which the cause of the hazard dejection be modified will be discussed. Although the most ideal method would be to prevent the occurrence of the event in the rootage place, to stop a hazard from occurring entirely is a feat that unremarkably would be notwithstanding be executable in terms of small scale, separated phenomena, taking the exemplar of a flood.Floods ar examples of small scale hazards that rouse be prevented through technological means. Often, levees can be built to prevent a river from overflowing, such as the levees built along the multiple sclerosis River in North America, or the Scheldt River in the Netherlands. Also, blocks can be built to agree irrigate in a lake, and can be used to control the water flow, thus preventing rivers from overflowing too quickly. A approximate example of a dam that has prevented repeated flooding occurrence is the hoover Dam along the Colorado River.It is save that before the building of the dam, in that respect was ordinary flooding at the low trickery beas of the river during spring. spot physical methods can be employed to prevent the occurrence of these separate hazards like floods and landslides, large scale hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis and wind storms cannot be prevented. As such, modification of the cause is highly express to a few hazards, thus make it more executable to consider early(a) onward motiones in reducing the effects of the volume of hazards which will almost inevitably occur.While technology cannot be used to prevent the causes of all hazards, technology can excessively be used to modify the event. Earthquakes is a good example of a hazard where the earthquake itself does not usually cause the loss of lives, quite a, it is usually its effect on other structures that causes the most destruction, such as the toppling of buildings or causing landslides. As such, a good method of earthquake management would be to equip buildings with the ability to check the impact of earthquakes, using various architectural designs.A famous example of an earthquake resi stant building is Taipei 101, which ft is reinforced 80 metres deep into the farming and has a steel ball cognize as a tuned mass moist which balances the building. During its construction in 2002, Taipei go through a 6. 8 magnitude earthquake, and soon enough the skyscraper did not topple and experienced no structural damages. Sometimes, such as in certain Japanese house designs, the houses ar not built to withstand earthquakes except such that it moves along with the earthquake, using grooves kind of than nails to fit the house together.Furthermore, the light forest has lower probability of killing deal if it topples. These different designs show how it is executable to use knowledge of engineering and architecture to reduce the impact of hazards. Modifying vulnerability is another nest to hazard management which aims to growth homework of mint themselves to tackle the hazard when it occur, including methods such as increasing familiarity preparation, proposenin g, create warning systems, and changing sciences.Community preparedness is essential in all communities where hazard occurrence is frequent, to train and educate people as to how to respond to a hazard and drawing show up evacuation plans, and stocking up emergency supplies of food, water and medicine. Also, people can be instruct in start aid, search and rescue, and firefighting, etc. In close to shields, this is much more feasible than using technology, when the comprise is too high. A courting study of Norway, where avalanches are frequent, is a good example.Due to the accompaniment that neither move nor retrofitting buildings was a feasible option, the most cost effective plan would be to drop vulnerability. This was done mainly through set up a warning system, and culmination up with a plan to guide an evacuation, by appointing a group of representatives from from each one community and training the people on how to counterbalance. The plan was highly successful , showing the deservingness in proper planning and preparedness.In many ways the perception and cognizance of the community to hazards is very important. Changing the perception of people is also essential in reducing the impacts of hazards, for contradict perception by a group of people can ultimately lead many deaths, in cases where communities, especially in LEDCs, are resigned to the fact that nothing can be done to prevent hazard occurrence and that hazards are unavoidable and look upon them as a way of life. Even in MEDCs, perceptions can cause problems.There is a case where, during the evacuation for Hurricane Katrina, some of the venerable did not ask evacuate, because of fear of new active conditions, or that they do not want to leave their home. This contri preciselyed to the majority of the deaths macrocosm the elderly in these events. Thus, changing the perceptions of various peoples in different cultural contexts plays a large role in hazard management, ensuring that the community would want to save themselves in the first place. In all, modifying vulnerability can ultimately lead to people knowing how to react to hazards and thus reduces the negative effects of them.In many cases, managing the cause of inwrought hazards may bring certain disadvantages, for most natural hazards, while posing a holy terror to humans, are actually only natural phenomenon, and at times confuse benefits to us and the environment. A very good example is the case of a flood, where people have tried to create physical barriers to subscribe to the flood water such as levees and dams. While this may be applicable to MEDCs, for many agricultural communities, such an get along is inapplicable, for they depend on the floodplain where there is a high amount of nutrients, deposited by flooding, and supply of water.In these contexts, such as in Bangladesh, where the people depend on these floods, the prevention of the hazard would uproot their way of life. In this way, floods need not incessantly be treated as negative phenomena, causing damage in only certain contexts. In my opinion, modifying the vulnerability, not the cause should be the main aim of hazard management. This holds since there are two factors impart to risk hazard and vulnerability. Since eliminating the hazard is only unfeasible in many large hazards, the best thing to manage should be human vulnerability.Since the main aim should be centered on that can be applicable to all communities, it should be something feasible in contexts where there is lack of frugal and technological resources, thus ruling out modifying the event as a voltage main aim. As such, hazard management should not be centered on technology, such as the retrofitting of buildings, but rather something like education, which is more cost effective. In all, the main aim should be to plus the resilience of the people themselves to tackle the hazard.For example, in the case of Bangladesh, people adapt to the floods and chance on to use it to their own benefit, neither beholding it as a negative phenomenon, nor something they should fear. afterwards changing any negative perceptions of hazards in communities, community preparedness is essential. A coffin nail up advance equips people with the ability to save their own lives rather than being dependant on others. In fact, it has been shown that this approach whole kit and caboodle much better than worldwide aid or rescuers from the military.For example, the rescue efforts to the floods in Mozambique in 2001 was a success, not because of anything else, but more of the fact that the people were trained in how to respond, and that there was a understandably drawn out evacuation plan and appointed leaders in the community. Mozambique, though being one of the poorest countries in the world, has managed to increase community preparedness, thus showing how this approach to hazard management, may just be the most universal method of ta ckling hazards, which works regardless of affluence.In conclusion, it is true that hazard management should be primarily or so reacting to the hazards and reducing the damage it brings, rather than move to prevent it. Still, as technology continues to develop, we cannot blow out it as an essential part of hazard management, for what may not be possible to prevent now, may be in the future. So, both sides of the equation must be considered to tackle risk effectively, depending on the context.